Treatments for Respiratory Disorders

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• • Pain relievers/fever reducers: Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil).
  • Decongestants: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) to relieve congestion.
  • Cough suppressants: Dextromethorphan (Delsym) to suppress cough (not recommended for productive cough).

Important Note: Always consult a doctor before administering any medication, especially to children. Asthma Triggers and Treatments Triggers:

• Allergens: Dust mites, pollen, pet dander, mold.
• Irritants: Smoke, air pollution, strong cleaning chemicals.
• Respiratory infections: Common cold, flu.
• Exercise-induced asthma: Triggered by physical activity.
• Emotional stress: Can worsen asthma symptoms in some people.

Treatment Options:

• Long-term control medications: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) like fluticasone (Flovent) or budesonide (Pulmicort) to reduce airway inflammation.
• Quick-relief medications: Short-acting bronchodilators like albuterol (ProAir) to relax airway muscles and ease breathing during an asthma attack.
• Bronchial thermoplasty: A procedure for severe asthma to reduce airway smooth muscle mass.
• Allergy immunotherapy: (Allergy shots) for patients with allergies that trigger asthma.

Corticosteroids Corticosteroids are a class of medications that mimic the effects of the hormone cortisol produced by the adrenal glands. They have a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. Types of Corticosteroids:

• Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS): The preferred treatment for asthma to reduce airway inflammation.
• Oral corticosteroids: Used for short-term treatment of severe asthma attacks or other inflammatory conditions.
• Topical corticosteroids: Creams or ointments for skin conditions like eczema.

Side Effects: Corticosteroids can have side effects, especially with long-term use. It's important to use the lowest effective dose and be monitored by a doctor. Potential side effects can include:

• Thrush (fungal infection in the mouth or throat): Common with inhaled corticosteroids, using a spacer device and rinsing after use can help reduce risk.
• Hoarseness: Less common side effect of inhaled corticosteroids.
• Increased risk of infections: With high doses of oral corticosteroids.

Chronic Bronchitis Definition: Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammatory condition of the bronchial tubes in the lungs. The lining of the airways becomes irritated and inflamed, producing mucus that clogs the airways and makes breathing difficult. Causes:

• Smoking: The leading cause of chronic bronchitis.
• Air pollution: Exposure to dust, fumes, and other irritants.
• Repeated respiratory infections: Can contribute to chronic inflammation.

Symptoms:

• Persistent cough that produces mucus (productive cough)
• Chest tightness
• Wheezing
• Shortness of breath

Treatment Options:

• Bronchodilators: Inhaled medications to relax airway muscles and improve breathing.
• Expectorants: Medications to loosen mucus and make it easier to cough up.
• Antibiotics: Prescribed for bacterial infections that worsen bronchitis symptoms.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation: Exercise and education program to improve breathing and quality of life.
• Oxygen therapy: In severe cases to increase the amount of oxygen in the blood.
• Smoking cessation: The most important step to prevent further damage and improve symptoms.

Important Note: This information is for general educational purposes only and should not be interpreted as medical advice. Always consult with a healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment.    

Sample Answer

   

Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs)

Causes:

• Viruses: The most common cause, including rhinovirus (common cold), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and adenovirus.
• Bacteria: Less frequent, but can cause infections like strep throat or sinusitis.

Drug Therapy:

• Antibiotics: Ineffective against viruses, but prescribed for bacterial infections based on diagnosis.
• Antivirals: Limited use for specific viruses, such as influenza.
• Over-the-counter medications: Can help manage symptoms like fever, congestion, and cough.