This assignments is in 3 session. Please see instructions for different Topics

  This assignment is in 3 groups. Please ensure the instructions is well followed. For assignment one, there are two pages and separates questions. Please ensure the references are not combined Each page should have it separate references. Here is the details of this order: Assignment 1: - 2 separate pages Assignment 2: -3 pages (Case Study Attached) Assignment 3:- 3 Pages (Problem Set Attached) Strictly APA format with most recent scholarly references. See instructions for details. Abstract: Understanding study design is the foundation for accurately interpreting research. Health care professionals should be able to distinguish well-conducted research from poorly conducted research and know how to apply that knowledge to the care of their community. After participating in this exercise students will be able to recognize the advantages and disadvantages of experimental versus observational studies. This case discusses the proposed association between the MMR vaccine and autism. Students will be prompted to create a study that investigates this claim and to utilize the fundamentals of epidemiology to measure the strength of association between these two variables. Recommended Reading:  Madsen KM et al. A population-based study of measles-mumps-rubella vaccination and autism. N Engl J Med 2002;347(19)1477-82.  Offit, PA. & Coffin, SE. Communicating science to the public: MMR vaccine and autism: Vaccine 2003: 22(1) 1-6.  Smeeth L et al. MMR vaccination and pervasive developmental disorders: a case-control study. Lancet 2004;364:963-9. Objectives: At the end of this session, students will be able to:  Recognize criteria for initiating experimental and observational studies  Identify key design components of studies  Describe the advantages and disadvantages of various study designs  Calculate and interpret outcome measures in cohort and case-control studies  Interpret data from observational studies looking at MMR vaccination and autism Introduction 1. What have you heard about an association between vaccines and autism? What are some of the hypotheses you have heard about or read about? 2. What types of studies would you recommend to look at an association between vaccines and autism? Section A: Study Design Design a study to look at the association between MMR vaccine and autism. 1. Cohort study a. How will you assemble your cohort ? b. What are your inclusion/exclusion criteria for participation in the study? c. Exposure status: How will you define and measure vaccination status? d. Outcome status: How will you define and measure autism? e. What measure of association will you calculate in a cohort study? 2. Case-control study a. What is your definition of a case? b. How will you identify cases? c. What is your definition of a control? d. How will you identify controls? e. Exposure status: How will you define and measure vaccination status? f. What measure of association will you calculate in a case-control study? Section B: Calculating Measures of Association Over 25 studies have been conducted which have failed to show an association between MMR vaccine and autism. Below are some data from two of these studies (one cohort and one case-control). Calculate the measure of association for each study after completing the 2x2 table and interpret the measure of association. 1. Cohort study by Madsen et al (NEJM 2002) Of the 537,303 children in the cohort, 440,655 (82.0 percent) had received the MMR vaccine. We identified 316 children with a diagnosis of autistic disorder; 263 of the cases had been vaccinated with MMR (83%); 53 children with autism had not been vaccinated. 2. Case control study by Smeeth et al (Lancet 2004) 1294 cases of pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) and 4469 controls were included. 1010 cases (78·1%) had MMR vaccination recorded before diagnosis, compared with 3671 controls (82·1%) before the age at which their matched case was diagnosed. Section C: Interpreting results Review the following data from the aforementioned studies and answer the following questions. FIGURE 1: Table 1 from Madsen et al., 2002 1. Describe the characteristics in Table 1 in terms of what type of data they are (discrete / qualitative versus continuous / quantitative). Using the chi-square test (see footnote of FIGURE 1), authors found significant differences in certain characteristics of vaccinated and unvaccinated children. 2. What characteristics showed no differences between the two groups? What characteristics showed differences between the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups? 3. What do these differences mean? FIGURE 2: Table 2 from Madsen et al., 2002 4. Do the data in Figure 2 above show an association between MMR vaccine and risk of autism? 5. Do the data in Figure 3 from Smeeth et al show an association between MMR vaccine and risk of autism? FIGURE 3: Tables 1 and 2 from Smeeth et al 2004 Table 1: Association between Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and MMR vaccination before index date, before and after third birthday, and before and after age 18 months. UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) Table 2: Association between diagnosis of autism or other PDD and MMR vaccination UK General Practice Research Database (GPRD) Section D: Conclusion Since 1998, numerous well-designed studies have found no link between vaccines and autism (see table below). Why do you think some parents are still fearful of vaccines? What is your role as future healthcare providers in counseling patients about vaccines? Offitt PA, Coffin SE; Vaccine 2003 Module 3: Measures of Association and Impact: Why, How, and So What? It is human nature to compare things: Sports teams, houses, and politics are often topics of conversation in terms of which is better, worse, more expensive, or more effective. These comparisons often help people to make decisions about who to root for, which house to buy, or who to vote for in an upcoming election. Similarly, comparisons are critical to understanding epidemiologic analysis and helping with decision making about how to improve the public’s health. Is an incidence rate among a population higher than what should be expected based on what is found in other communities? Are pregnant women who smoke more likely to have difficult deliveries than those who do not smoke? Measures of association and impact are used to compare health outcomes between groups and assess how they affect our communities. In this module, you will explore various methods for comparing disease frequencies between groups. You will gain practice in calculating and interpreting measures of association such as odds ratios and relative risks. Finally, you will assess the impact of these associations through the calculation of attributable risk and risk/rate differences. Learning Resources Required Readings Aschengrau, A., & Seage, G. R., III. (2014). Essentials of epidemiology in public health (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett. • Chapter 3, “Comparing Disease Frequencies” (pp. 59–78) In order to assess the impact a disease has on public health, it is important to analyze research data by comparing disease frequencies among and between communities. This chapter discusses methods of organizing data and conducting comparisons, including absolute and relative measures of comparison as well as direct standardization. • Chapter 7, “Experimental Studies” (pp. 194–198) • Chapter 8, “Cohort Studies” (pp. 225–226) • Chapter 9, “Case-Control Studies” (pp. 251–255) The excerpts from these chapters cover the basic measures of association most commonly used in the analysis of epidemiologic study designs. https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-readers/publications/epidemiology-uninitiated/3-comparing-disease-rates http://mym.cdn.laureate-media.com/2dett4d/Walden/PUBH/6035/03/mm/association_impact/index.html Assignment #1: (2 PAGES) Public health professionals are often asked to compare health outcomes between groups. This Assignment will give you practice with this important activity; it is designed to help you work on your skills in calculating and interpreting measures of association and impact. This Assignment is similar in style to the last one page Assignment in which you participated during Module 2. Before you participate in this Assignment, complete the following tasks: • Read the assigned chapters of the textbook. • Watch the virtual lab provided in the Learning Resources. • Review the chapter questions for Chapters 3, 7, 8, and 9, which are designed to help you practice and assess your understanding of the concepts presented in the chapter. • Complete the following assigned chapter questions: o Chapter 3: Questions 2, 4, 5, 6, and 7 o Chapter 9: Question 3 While you may find it helpful to complete all of the chapter questions, you must complete at minimum the specific questions identified in the preceding list. Note that solutions to these exercises are provided at the back of the textbook. These solutions are useful for checking your work and for demonstrating how you should approach all of the questions at the end of the chapter. Assignment Details: First Page: - This page should be treated separately with its own references Once you have completed the required tasks, write a full page while explaining all you’ve learned in the reading and after reading the specified chapters stated above. Use appropriate references using APA format Comparing your answers may be helpful as well, you may be better served by asking specific questions about the concepts and procedures in the exercises offer insight, advice, strategies, and assistance to your peers on your understanding of this assignment. Second Page 2 - This is page should be treated separately as well with its own references Write another page that should include questions or insights about the required reading, the virtual lab, the assigned chapter questions, the solutions for the assigned chapter questions, or any combination thereof. If you do not have questions about the assignment and believe that you have mastered the material for this module, use the Discussion to answer your peers' questions, offering insight, advice, strategies, and assistance. Write a page summary of what you learned after reading the specified chapters stated above. Use appropriate references using APA format Assignment Expectations Use APA formatting for your assignment and to cite your resources. ENSURE you use paragraph headings to explain your points and address all BLUE BULLET POINTS QUESTIONS asked. Assignment Expectation: 1) Your paper should demonstrate an excellent understanding of all of the concepts and key points presented in the text/s and Learning Resources. Your paper should provide significant detail including multiple relevant examples, evidence from the readings and other scholarly sources, and discerning ideas. 2) Your paper should be well organized, use scholarly tone, contain original writing and proper paraphrasing, follow APA style, contain very few or no writing and/or spelling errors, and are fully consistent with graduate (PhD) level writing style. 3) Make sure each paragraph have at least one or two references. All words that are not YOURS must be PROPERLY CITED per APA 6th Edition writing Styles. 4) Use MOST RECENT References – 5 years old minimum  Use APA format with at least 8 SCHOLARLY References