The social contract.

Full Answer Section

     

1. Motivated Offender: This is a person who is intent on committing a crime and has the means to do so.

Crime occurs when a motivated offender encounters a suitable target in the absence of a capable guardian. Here's how this theory describes a victimization: Imagine a scenario where Sarah, a college student, is walking home alone late at night.

• Suitable Target: Sarah is alone and potentially vulnerable, making her a suitable target for a crime.
• Capable Guardian: There are no parents or security guards present, and the poorly lit street offers little deterrence.
• Motivated Offender: A thief is lurking in the shadows, motivated to steal valuables.

According to Routine Activity Theory, the lack of a capable guardian (e.g., parents at home, security on the street) creates an opportunity for the motivated offender (the thief) to target Sarah (the suitable target). This convergence of all three elements increases the likelihood of Sarah becoming a victim of crime (e.g., robbery). Key Points:

• Routine Activity Theory focuses on the convergence of opportunities rather than solely on offender or victim characteristics.
• The theory emphasizes the importance of capable guardianship in preventing crime.
• Changes in daily routines or the environment can alter the vulnerability of potential victims.

 

Sample Answer

   

Routine Activity Theory and Victimization

The Routine Activity Theory, developed by Cohen and Felson (1979), explains how crimes occur by examining the convergence of three key elements:

1. Capable Guardian: This refers to the presence of a person or mechanism that can deter crime. Examples include parents at home, security guards at businesses, or well-lit streets.

2. Suitable Target: This refers to a potential victim or target that is attractive to a criminal. This could be a person who is alone, vulnerable, or has valuable possessions.