The nursing process is a tool that puts knowledge into practice. By utilizing this systematic problem-solving method, nurses can determine the health care needs of an individual and provide personalized care.
Write a paper (1,250–1,500 words) on cancer and the approach to care based on the utilization of the nursing process. Include the following in your paper:
Identify a specific type of cancer and the available screening methods.
Describe the different types of diagnostic methods across the life span utilized to identify possibility of cancer. Explain the numerical method and the tumor, node, metastasized (TNM) method of staging for cancer after the confirmed diagnosis.
Anticipate outcomes of care (expected, unexpected, and potentially adverse). Describe at least three complications of your selected cancer, the side effects of treatment (excluding nausea, vomiting, and hair loss), and methods to lessen physical and psychological effects, including alternative measures and pharmaceutical/herbal options.
Summarize cancer incident rates for your selected cancer. What preventative measures can be taken to reduce the yearly morbidity and mortality rate of various cancers in Americans?
Explain what the American Cancer Society (ACS) might provide for education and support. What ACS services could a nurse recommend for these patients and why?
How does an interdisciplinary research approach (which includes liberal arts, science studies, mathematics, social and physical sciences) build on the foundational nursing knowledge related to cancer research?
Explain how the nursing process is utilized to provide safe and effective care for cancer patients across the life span. Your explanation should include how each of the five phases of the nursing process demonstrate the delivery of holistic and patient-focused care.
Full Answer Section
1. Identification and Screening:
Let's focus on Colorectal Cancer (CRC), the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States for both men and women (excluding skin cancer) [1]. Screening is crucial for early detection and improved outcomes. Here are some available methods:
- Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT): Detects blood in the stool, which can be a sign of CRC.
- Colonoscopy: A visual examination of the inner lining of the colon using a long, flexible tube with a camera.
- Cologuard DNA Test: A non-invasive stool test that analyzes DNA for abnormalities.
2. Diagnosis and Staging:
Once screening raises suspicion, various diagnostic methods are employed:
- Biopsy: Removing a small tissue sample for microscopic examination to confirm cancer.
- Imaging Tests: X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans can reveal tumor location, size, and spread.
Staging: After diagnosis, the TNM system categorizes cancer based on:
- T: Tumor size and depth of invasion.
- N: Involvement of lymph nodes.
- M: Presence of distant metastasis (spread to other organs).
A higher TNM stage indicates a more advanced cancer requiring more aggressive treatment.
3. Anticipated Outcomes and Complications:
Treatment aims for cure, control, or symptom management. Expected outcomes vary based on the stage and treatment approach.
Unexpected and Adverse Outcomes:
- Infection: Compromised immune system increases infection risk.
- Bleeding: Certain treatments can cause bleeding complications.
- Peripheral Neuropathy: Nerve damage leading to pain, numbness, or weakness.
Complications and Side Effects Management:
- Fatigue: Managing fatigue through energy conservation and proper sleep hygiene.
- Pain: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological pain management strategies like physical therapy.
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Dietary counseling and nutritional support may be needed.
Alternative and Complementary Therapies:
- Acupuncture: May help manage pain and nausea.
- Meditation: Can promote relaxation and reduce stress.
- Massage Therapy: May alleviate pain and improve anxiety. (Note: Consult healthcare providers before starting any complementary therapies).
4. Cancer Incidence and Prevention:
Colorectal cancer incidence rates remain high in the US [1]. Preventive measures include:
- Healthy Diet: High-fiber, low-fat diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
- Regular Exercise: Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight.
- Limiting Alcohol and Tobacco: These increase cancer risk.
- Vaccinations: HPV vaccine can help prevent HPV-related cancers.
5. The American Cancer Society (ACS):
The ACS offers invaluable resources for patients and caregivers:
- Educational Materials: Information on cancer types, treatment options, and coping strategies.
- Support Groups: Connecting patients with others facing similar challenges.
- Financial Assistance: Helping patients manage the financial burden of cancer care.
Nurses can recommend ACS services to:
- Empower patients with knowledge about their disease.
- Facilitate emotional support and connection with others.
- Reduce anxieties and fears associated with diagnosis and treatment.
6. Interdisciplinary Research Approach:
Cancer research benefits significantly from an interdisciplinary approach:
- Liberal Arts: Examining the psychological and social impact of cancer.
- Science Studies: Investigating the biological basis of cancer development.
- Mathematics and Statistics: Modeling cancer progression and analyzing treatment outcomes.
- Social and Physical Sciences: Exploring environmental and lifestyle factors influencing cancer risk.
This collaboration fosters a holistic understanding of cancer, leading to more effective prevention, diagnosis, and treatment strategies.
7. The Nursing Process in Action:
The nursing process, a systematic approach to patient care, ensures holistic and patient-centered care for cancer patients:
- Assessment: Gathering data about the patient's medical history, symptoms, physical condition, and psychosocial needs.
- Diagnosis: Analyzing the data to identify the patient's problems and potential complications.
- Planning: Developing individualized care plans that address the patient's physical, emotional, and social needs.
- Implementation: Putting the care plan into action, administering medications, providing education and support.
- **Evaluation