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The growing internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) raises issues for traditional theories

The growing internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) raises issues for traditional theories
of why firms go abroad. In these explanations (e.g., the OLI paradigm, the resource-based view) strong firm
specific advantages are needed to overcome the costs of doing business abroad, including the liability of
foreignness. SMEs, however, suffer from liabilities of newness and smallness, lacking the firm specific
resources (financial, tangible and intangible) needed to compete in foreign markets. In our paper, we provide an
alternative explanation for this conundrum. We argue that successful internationalizing SMEs have developed a
different kind of resource - an international business competence (IBC) - that explains their success at
internationalization. This IBC is based on intangible capabilities in four areas: international orientation,
international marketing skills, international innovativeness and international market orientation. These four skills
emerged from exploratory case studies with interviews of senior managers at 16 internationalized SMEs, and a
follow-up survey of 354 managers and CEOs of successful SMEs. (157 words)
Little has been written about consumer perceptions of foreign products during an international crisis. Our paper
investigates the concept of consumer animosity as applied to brands from a particular country; that is, products
that suffer from a negative country-of-origin effect. We argue that consumer animosity has two characteristics:
situational (episodic) and enduring (stable) animosity. External control and external attribution are psychological
antecedents that strengthen situational animosity. To test these arguments, adult consumers from five Asian
countries were surveyed during the Asian currency crisis about their animosity to Japanese and US products. The
survey results provide evidence that both situational and enduring animosity can significantly and negatively
affect brands from particular countries, making it difficult to sell these products in local markets. We conclude
that firms may need to lessen country of origin impacts by localizing their brands (moving production onshore)
or disassociating themselves from home country policies. (147 words)

Full Answer Section

The second paragraph discusses the concept of consumer animosity as applied to brands from a particular country. The author argues that consumer animosity has two characteristics: situational (episodic) and enduring (stable) animosity. External control and external attribution are psychological antecedents that strengthen situational animosity. The author surveyed adult consumers from five Asian countries during the Asian currency crisis about their animosity to Japanese and US products. The survey results provide evidence that both situational and enduring animosity can significantly and negatively affect brands from particular countries, making it difficult to sell these products in local markets. The author concludes that firms may need to lessen country of origin impacts by localizing their brands or disassociating themselves from home country policies.

Here are some additional thoughts on the two paragraphs:

The first paragraph provides a valuable contribution to the literature on internationalization. The author's argument that SMEs have developed a different kind of resource, the IBC, is well-supported by the evidence. This finding has important implications for both SMEs and large firms. SMEs can use the IBC as a guide to developing their own internationalization strategies. Large firms can learn from the IBC and develop strategies to help them compete with SMEs in foreign markets.
The second paragraph provides a new perspective on the concept of consumer animosity. The author's distinction between situational and enduring animosity is helpful in understanding how consumer attitudes towards foreign products can change over time. The survey results also provide valuable insights into the factors that influence consumer animosity. This information can be used by firms to develop strategies to manage consumer animosity and protect their brands from negative country-of-origin effects.

Overall, the two paragraphs provide a thoughtful and insightful analysis of two important topics in international business. The author's arguments are well-supported by the evidence, and the conclusions are relevant to both SMEs and large firms. I recommend this paper to anyone interested in internationalization, consumer animosity, or country-of-origin effects.

Sample Answer

The first paragraph discusses the internationalization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The author argues that traditional theories of internationalization do not adequately explain how SMEs are able to compete in foreign markets. The author proposes that SMEs have developed a different kind of resource, called an international business competence (IBC), that allows them to succeed in international markets. The IBC is based on intangible capabilities in four areas: international orientation, international marketing skills, international innovativeness, and international market orientation.