, the course reader

  use your textbook, the course reader, or other outside sources. In the case of the textbook, course reader, and lecture notes, only direct quotes need to be cited, requiring only the author’s last name in parentheses. Outside sources (books, websites, etc.) may also be used, but in this case all information must be cited and must be listed in a bibliography (or works cited) at the end of the essay. No specific citation style is required. You will submit your paper through plagiarism checking software, so be sure to cite any and all direct quotes. Be sure to cite any direct quotes and list any and all outside sources after your answers (no specific citation style is required). 1 - Describe and explain the characteristics of the pre-Columbian indigenous cultures that existed in the Pacific Northwest, the California coastal region, the Southwest, the Mississippi Valley, the Southeast, and the Northeast. What is the legacy of these cultures? 2 - What were some of the changes that took place in Europe between the years 1000 and 1492, and why did those changes lead to European exploration and overseas expansion? 3 - Describe and explain the meaning of the Columbian exchange. How did both the Old and New Worlds experience gains and losses because of the exchange? Which world benefited the most? Why? In what ways does the exchange continue today? 4 - During the sixteenth century, Spain became the most powerful country in both Europe and the Americas. How and why did this happen? What were the primary factors that contributed to Spain’s successful conquest of Native American civilizations in the New World? How did Spain then transform America? How is the Spanish influence still visible in the United States today?   Textbook; Roark, et al. The American Promise Value Edition, Volume 1: To 1877: A History of the United States. 5th Edition, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press, 2012. ISBN # 1-4576-1346-8