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ART 1: Using the following table, summarize the function and the appearance of the following organelle
PART 2: In 200-words, explain the appearance of the plasma membrane, the function of enzymes, and how they help accelerate chemical reactions.
Cell Structure and Function of Organelles
Organelle name Function Shape and location Plasma membrane
Nucleus
RER
SER
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondria
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Vesicles
Centrioles
Centrosomes
Nucleolus
Nuclear pores
Flagella
Enzymes are biological catalysts, meaning they accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They are typically proteins, although some RNA molecules can also have catalytic activity. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning each enzyme usually catalyzes only one type of reaction. They achieve this specificity through their active site, a region with a unique shape and chemical properties that precisely fits the enzyme's substrate (the molecule it acts upon).
Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy, the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur. They do this by bringing the reactants together in the correct orientation, stabilizing the transition state (the unstable intermediate form of the reactants), or by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy. By reducing the activation energy, enzymes allow reactions to proceed much faster than they would without a catalyst, enabling life processes to occur at the necessary speed.
PART 1: Organelle Functions and Appearance
| Organelle Name | Function | Shape and Location |
|---|---|---|
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell; contains DNA; directs protein synthesis. | Spherical or oval; located in the center or near the center of the cell. |
| RER | Protein synthesis, folding, and modification; contains ribosomes. | Network of interconnected sacs and tubules; located throughout the cytoplasm. |
| SER | Lipid synthesis, detoxification, calcium storage. | Network of interconnected sacs and tubules; located throughout the cytoplasm, lacks ribosomes. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport. | Stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs; located near the nucleus. |
| Mitochondria | Produces ATP (cellular energy) through cellular respiration. | Bean-shaped or oval; located throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Lysosomes | Breaks down waste materials and cellular debris. | Spherical or irregular; located throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Peroxisomes | Breaks down fatty acids and other molecules; produces hydrogen peroxide. | Spherical; located throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Vesicles | Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within the cell. | Spherical; located throughout the cytoplasm. |
| Centrioles | Involved in cell division; form spindle fibers. | Cylindrical; located in the centrosome. |
| Centrosomes | Microtubule-organizing center; contains centrioles. | Located near the nucleus. |
| Nucleolus | Produces ribosomes. | Located within the nucleus. |
| Nuclear Pores | Control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm. | Openings in the nuclear envelope. |
| Flagella | Enables movement of some cells (e.g., sperm cells). | Long, whip-like structure; located on the cell surface. |
PART 2: Plasma Membrane, Enzymes, and Chemical Reactions
The plasma membrane, also known as the cell membrane, appears as a thin, flexible barrier surrounding the cell. It's composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer, with embedded proteins and carbohydrates. The phospholipids arrange themselves with their hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails facing inwards and their hydrophilic (water-loving) heads facing outwards, 1 creating a barrier between the cell's interior and its external environment. This structure gives the membrane a fluid mosaic appearance