Sophie's world (new)

Sophie's world (new) 1. All the Natural Philosophers held similar ideas about the primal condition of nature.What were the Natural Philosophers primary assumption about this primal condition? (1) That there was a basic substance at the root of all changes? (2) That substances came into existence from the tears of the Gods? (3) That substances are finite and will eventually become extinct? 2. If what exists has always existed, what is happening to create all the changes we see and experience? Which philosopher believed that the changes seen were illusions because the basic substances cannot actually be altered? This philosopher believed that our senses give us an incomplete picture of the world, that there is a unity to everything regardless of the changes experienced 3. Which philosopher held the idea that is somewhat similar to the modern theory called the multiuniverse hypothesis? This natural philosopher stated that our world is one of many worlds that evolve and dissolve in the boundless; the substance which is the source of all things had to be something other than the things created, because all things created are limited. Thus that which comes before and after them must be ‘boundless’. 4. Which philosopher believed that all nature was surrounded and sustained by an all-encompassing essence called the Logos, or Universal Reason? This logos or reason was the one-ness that encompassed all things and phenomena, despite the constant changes all things and phenomena are subject to. This philosopher maintained that the world is characterized by opposites. If we were never ill we could not know what it was to be well. If we never experienced hunger, there would be no pleasure in being full. If there was no war we would not appreciate peace. Good and bad have their place in the order of things, and without this constant interplay of opposites the world would cease to exist. 5. Identify the conceptual differences between the following natural philosophers PARMENIDES and HERACLITUS.