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Proposal for a novel assisted reproductive technology (ART).

The Challenge: Develop a proposal for a novel
assisted reproductive technology (ART).
Context: The development and ongoing progression of ART has been pivotal to
overcoming limitations of reduced or impaired fertility status, but significant and
insurmountable barriers persist. Many individuals who wish to reproduce but do not have
the capabilities to conceive are not afforded the luxury of family planning and/or ART. In
non-heteronormative relationships, the desire of a couple to reproduce and bear a child
may be eclipsed by the inability to achieve fusion of gametes. Individuals who are childless
or infecund often face severe social stigma and mental health issues, especially for
marginalised people and in developing nations. Other individuals may have medical
conditions or undergo procedures which render them infecund.
A number of circumstances exist where individuals and/or couples are unable to conceive:
• Homosexual, intersex and other LGBTIQ2+A relationships
• Male-to-female/female-to-male individuals
• Surgical procedures (eg. Hysterectomy, bilateral orchiectomy)
ANHB2216_P11
ANHB2216 Unit Outline 2023
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• Primary Amenorrhea and maturation arrest of spermatogenesis
• Chronic conditions (eg. Endometriosis, PCOS, Metabolic syndrome-associated
prostatitis)
• STI-induced infecundity (eg. Bilateral tubal occlusion, HPV-related cervical cancer,
acute chlamydial epididymitis)
• Chromosomal disorders (Eg. Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome)
• Congenital disorders (Eg. Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome,
Androgen insensitivity syndrome, Pure gonadal dysgenesis)
• Childhood cancer survivors
Currently, the prevailing options for these individuals are limited to: donor conception,
surrogacy, fostering/adoption or childlessness. In many of these circumstances, there are
no treatments, therapies or technologies which overcome reproductive barriers. There can
also be profound cultural and religious beliefs or “justifications” which allege why some
individuals shouldn’t be able to reproduce. Without appropriate acknowledgement, further
ART development, and medical advances; the under-representation, marginalisation, and
social isolation of these individuals in society is exacerbated.
There is no doubt that established ARTs can already overcome significant reproductive
barriers (eg. ICSI for individuals with Klinefelter disease). However, as all individuals are
diverse, so too are the reproductive barriers they face. The MRKH syndrome, for example,
permits oogenesis in affected individuals, but they are often born with only a partial uterus
or without a uterus entirely. Similarly, a hysterectomy may be required for cervical cancer
patients whilst still within optimal reproductive age, and for many young adults with cancer
most chemotherapy treatments render them infertile. There are options for storing sperm
(expensive) and for taking sections of ovarian tissue for storage and later implantation, but
the latter is still somewhat experimental, and available only in 1st world countries. The
ethical implications of collecting gametes from minors undergoing cancer therapy is also
an important consideration.
In other instances, individuals who have undergone complete surgery for male-to-female
transition ordinarily have a vagina and vulva, but have no uterus and all gonadal tissue is
removed. Additionally, individuals afflicted by androgen insensitivity syndrome and primary
amenorrhea may produce immature germ line cells, but cannot ejaculate or ovulate.
Despite these unique and formidable limitations, scientific advances such as gene therapy,
transdifferentiation and artificial womb technologies may provide solutions.

Demonstrate understanding of why there is still a need for the development of new
ARTs to support individuals unable to conceive or reproduce.
Clearly explain the specific demographic for your novel ART and the reasoning for
their need.
Describe how your ART is tailored to work for your target.
Possible societal implications of your ART device.

Full Answer Section

This proposal is for a novel ART technique called Artificial Gamete Creation (AGC). AGC would allow people to create their own gametes (eggs or sperm) in a lab, even if they are unable to produce them naturally. This would make ART more accessible to everyone, and it would also eliminate the need for sperm or egg donors.

How it works:

AGC would use stem cells to create gametes. Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can be turned into any type of cell in the body. In AGC, stem cells would be taken from the patient and then coaxed into becoming eggs or sperm. Once the gametes are created, they could be used to fertilize an egg or to create an embryo in vitro.

AGC is still in the early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize ART. AGC could make ART more accessible to everyone, and it could also eliminate the need for sperm or egg donors. Additionally, AGC could be used to create gametes from people who are unable to produce them naturally, such as people with genetic disorders or people who have undergone cancer treatment.

Benefits:

There are many potential benefits to AGC, including:

Increased accessibility: AGC would make ART more accessible to everyone, regardless of their financial resources or medical history.
Elimination of donor gametes: AGC would eliminate the need for sperm or egg donors. This would be beneficial for people who are uncomfortable with the idea of using donor gametes, or for people who are unable to find a compatible donor.
Increased success rates: AGC could lead to increased success rates for ART. This is because the gametes would be created in a controlled environment, and they would be screened for genetic defects.
New possibilities for family building: AGC could open up new possibilities for family building for people who are unable to conceive naturally. For example, AGC could be used to create gametes from a same-sex couple, or from a single person.

Challenges:

There are also some challenges associated with AGC, including:

Cost: AGC is still in the early stages of development, so it is likely to be expensive. However, the cost of AGC is likely to come down as the technology becomes more widespread.
Safety: AGC is a relatively new technology, so there is some uncertainty about its safety. However, the safety of AGC is likely to improve as the technology is further developed.
Ethical concerns: There are some ethical concerns about AGC, such as the potential for designer babies. However, these concerns can be addressed through careful regulation.

Conclusion:

AGC is a promising new technology that has the potential to revolutionize ART. AGC could make ART more accessible to everyone, and it could also eliminate the need for sperm or egg donors. Additionally, AGC could be used to create gametes from people who are unable to produce them naturally. While there are some challenges associated with AGC, such as cost and safety, these challenges are likely to be overcome as the technology develops.

Sample Answer

Artificial Gamete Creation (AGC)

Background:

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been a major breakthrough for couples who are struggling with infertility. However, ART is still not accessible to everyone, and it can be expensive and time-consuming. Additionally, some people may not be eligible for ART due to medical conditions or other factors.