Primary defining features of the person-centered approach.

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• Congruence (Genuineness): The therapist is genuine and transparent, allowing their authentic self to be present in the therapeutic relationship. This fosters trust and builds a foundation for effective exploration.

Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): This is the cornerstone of the person-centered approach. It signifies the therapist's unwavering acceptance and valuing of the client as a person, regardless of their flaws, behaviors, or past experiences. UPR creates a safe space for clients to explore their vulnerabilities without fear of rejection.

b) View of Human Nature:

The person-centered approach holds an optimistic view of human nature. It believes that individuals are inherently good and possess a natural tendency towards personal growth, self-actualization, and fulfilling their potential. This internal growth tendency is called the "actualizing tendency" by Carl Rogers, the founder of this approach. However, negative experiences and societal pressures can impede this natural growth process. The therapeutic relationship fosters an environment where clients can rediscover their inherent capacity for self-directed growth and positive change.

c) Motivational Interviewing (MI):

Motivational interviewing (MI) is a collaborative, client-centered approach designed to evoke and strengthen a client's motivation for positive change. Here's a breakdown of its purpose and methods:

• Purpose: MI helps clients explore their ambivalence and build a commitment to change. It focuses on uncovering the client's own desires and reasons for change, rather than imposing solutions from the therapist.
• Methods: MI utilizes techniques like reflective listening, open-ended questions, and affirmations. The therapist also employs "motivational discrepancy" by highlighting the gap between the client's current behavior and their desired future state.

Applying MI to Addiction or Self-Destructive Behaviors:

• Exploring ambivalence: The therapist helps the client explore the pros and cons of changing their behavior. This allows them to voice their desires for a better life while acknowledging the challenges of change.
• Shifting language: MI reframes negative self-talk and focuses on the client's strengths and past successes. This fosters optimism and belief in their ability to make positive changes.
• Empowering self-efficacy: MI emphasizes the client's autonomy and decision-making. This empowers them to take ownership of their recovery journey.

d) Strengths and Limitations of the Person-Centered Approach:

Strengths:

• Empathic and empowering: Creates a safe space for self-exploration and fosters client autonomy.
• Adaptable: Can be applied to various issues and personality types.
• Focuses on strengths: Empowers clients to build on their strengths and resources.

Limitations:

• Limited structure: May not be suitable for clients needing more directive guidance or those in crisis.
• Therapist dependence: Relies heavily on the therapist's ability to provide UPR and skilled communication.
• Slower pace of change: May require longer therapy duration to achieve desired outcomes.

The person-centered approach offers a valuable framework for therapy, particularly for individuals seeking self-discovery and personal growth. While it may not be the ideal approach for every situation, its strengths in fostering self-compassion, empowerment, and a collaborative therapeutic relationship make it a valuable tool in the therapist's toolkit.

Sample Answer

a) Core Features and Unconditional Positive Regard:

The person-centered approach, also known as Rogerian therapy, emphasizes the client's capacity for self-directed growth. Here are its defining features:

• Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): The therapist offers unwavering acceptance, warmth, and respect for the client, regardless of their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. This creates a safe space for clients to explore their inner world without judgment.
• Empathy: The therapist strives to deeply understand the client's perspective, feelings, and experiences. This involves actively listening, reflecting emotions, and validating the client's world view.