Full Answer Section

3. Downstream: This stream involves the refining of crude oil into various products and the distribution and sale of these products to consumers. It includes activities such as:

• Refining: Converting crude oil into products like gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, and petrochemicals.
• Distribution: Transporting refined products to retail outlets and industrial customers.
• Marketing: Selling refined products to consumers.

4. Petrochemicals: This stream involves the production of chemicals derived from crude oil and natural gas. It includes activities such as:

• Petrochemical production: Manufacturing chemicals used in various industries, including plastics, fertilizers, and textiles.
• Distribution: Selling petrochemicals to manufacturers and other industries.

5. Renewable Energy: This stream involves the production and use of renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and geothermal power. While not directly related to oil and gas, it is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.

2. Well Types, Completions, and Wellheads

Well Types:

1. Oil Wells: Designed to produce crude oil.
2. Gas Wells: Designed to produce natural gas.
3. Multi-lateral Wells: Have multiple branches from a single wellbore, allowing for production from multiple reservoirs.

Completions:

1. Open-hole Completion: The wellbore is left open to allow oil or gas to flow.
2. Cased-hole Completion: The wellbore is lined with steel casing to provide support and prevent fluid flow between layers.
3. Cased-hole Completion with Perforations: Cased-hole completions with holes drilled in the casing to allow fluid flow.
4. Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) Completion: Uses an electric pump submerged in the well to lift oil to the surface.
5. Gas Lift Completion: Injects gas into the well to lift oil to the surface.
6. Artificial Lift: Other methods like hydraulic fracturing or steam injection to improve oil recovery.

Wellheads:

1. Surface Wellhead: Located at the surface of the well and controls the flow of oil or gas.
2. Subsea Wellhead: Located on the seabed and controls the flow of oil or gas from subsea wells.

3. Oil and Gas Storage, Metering, and Export

Storage: Oil and gas are stored in tanks, pipelines, and underground caverns. Storage facilities help ensure a steady supply of these commodities and can be used to manage price fluctuations.

Metering: Accurate metering is essential for measuring the volume of oil and gas produced, transported, and sold. This information is used for billing, revenue sharing, and regulatory compliance.

Export: Oil and gas are often exported to other countries to meet global demand. Export facilities, such as pipelines and terminals, are essential for transporting these commodities to international markets.

4. Products from Raw Gas Processing

1. Natural Gas: The primary product of raw gas processing, which is used for heating, cooking, and electricity generation.
2. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG): Natural gas that has been cooled to a liquid state for easier transportation and storage.
3. Ethane: A petrochemical used in the production of plastics, ethylene, and other chemicals.
4. Propane: A fuel gas used for heating, cooking, and as a component of gasoline.
5. Butane: A fuel gas used for heating, cooking, and as a component of gasoline.

5. Products of Fractional Distillation and Petrochemicals

Fractional Distillation Products:

1. Refinery Gas: A mixture of light hydrocarbons used as a fuel source.
2. Naphtha: A light petroleum product used as a feedstock for petrochemicals.
3. Gasoline: A transportation fuel.
4. Kerosene: A fuel used for jet engines and heating.
5. Diesel Fuel: A transportation fuel used in trucks, buses, and heavy machinery.
6. Fuel Oil: A heavy fuel used for heating and industrial processes.
7. Lubricating Oils: Used to reduce friction in machinery.
8. Asphalt: Used in road construction.

Petrochemical Groups: