Microbial Classification, Genetics And Uses In Biotechnology

Full Answer Section

• Probiotics: These live bacteria found in yogurt and fermented foods promote gut health and digestion.
• Antibiotics: These life-saving drugs, derived from fungi like Penicillium (discovered by Pasteur), combat bacterial infections.
• Vaccines: Vaccines developed using weakened or inactive viruses or bacteria help prevent diseases like polio and measles.

• Food Production: Microorganisms like yeast are essential for bread-making, fermentation in beer and wine production, and cheesemaking.
• Biofuels: Microbes can be used to produce biofuels like ethanol, a renewable energy source.
• Waste Management: Microbial decomposition breaks down organic waste in landfills and sewage treatment plants.
• Bioremediation: Microorganisms can be used to clean up oil spills and other environmental contaminants.

• Decomposition: Microbes decompose dead plants and animals, returning nutrients to the soil and promoting healthy ecosystems.
• Nitrogen Fixation: Bacteria like Rhizobium convert atmospheric nitrogen into a usable form for plants, essential for plant growth and food production.
• Photosynthesis: Cyanobacteria, a type of microorganism, perform photosynthesis, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere and contributing to the existence of life on Earth.

Sample Answer

Louis Pasteur's quote, "The role of infinitely small in nature is infinitely large," emphasizes the immense significance of microorganisms, despite their microscopic size. These tiny organisms play a crucial role in various aspects of our world:

Health:

• Pathogens: While some microorganisms can cause diseases like bacteria (e.g., E. coli causing foodborne illness) and viruses (e.g., influenza), others contribute positively to our health.