Manifestations, measures of prevention, and treatments for rickets and osteomalacia

Full Answer Section

      Treatments:

• Vitamin D supplements: To address the deficiency and promote calcium absorption.
• Calcium supplements: May be needed depending on dietary intake.
• Physical therapy: To improve muscle strength and flexibility.

Similarities: Both are caused by vitamin D deficiency leading to impaired calcium absorption and bone mineralization. Differences: Rickets affects children with growing bones, while osteomalacia affects adults with already formed bones. Effects of Aging on Skeletal System (Men vs. Women): Similarities:

• Bone loss: Both men and women experience a gradual decrease in bone mineral density with age.
• Increased risk of fractures: As bones become weaker, the risk of fractures increases.

Differences:

• Rate of bone loss: Women experience a more rapid decline in bone density, particularly after menopause due to hormonal changes.
• Causes of bone loss: In men, bone loss is primarily due to decreased bone formation. In women, it's a combination of decreased formation and increased bone breakdown.
• Skeletal sites affected: Women are more prone to osteoporosis in the spine and hip, while men are more susceptible in the hip.

Overall: Women are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis compared to men due to the more rapid bone loss after menopause.  

Sample Answer

       

Rickets and Osteomalacia:

Manifestations:

• Rickets (in children): Bone pain, stunted growth, bowing in legs, muscle weakness, delayed walking, and skeletal deformities.
• Osteomalacia (in adults): Bone pain, muscle weakness, bone fractures, and difficulty walking.

Prevention:

• Diet: Rich in calcium (dairy products, leafy greens), vitamin D (fatty fish, eggs, fortified foods), and phosphorus (meat, poultry, fish).
• Sunlight exposure: Promotes vitamin D synthesis in the skin.
• Supplements: Vitamin D supplements, especially for infants,