Domain |
Definition |
Characteristics |
Effects on Curriculum |
Technology |
Phonology |
The sound system of a language, including the study of individual sounds (phonemes), sound patterns (syllables, stress, intonation), and how sounds are sequenced. |
- Difficulty producing certain sounds - Difficulty discriminating between similar sounds - Difficulty with sound blending and segmentation |
- Challenges with decoding (sounding out words) - Difficulty with spelling - Errors in oral reading fluency - May struggle with rhyming activities |
- Assistive listening devices (amplification) - Speech recognition software for dictation - Phonological awareness games (online/apps) |
Morphology-Syntax |
The study of how words are formed (morphology) and how words are combined to create sentences (syntax). |
- Difficulty understanding prefixes, suffixes, and root words - Challenges with verb conjugations and plurals - Difficulty with sentence structure and grammar rules |
- May struggle with vocabulary development - Difficulty understanding complex sentences - Errors in written expression |
- Grammarly (grammar checker) - Sentence starters and sentence frames - Word prediction software |
Semantics |
The study of word meaning and how meaning is derived from context. |
- Difficulty understanding the literal meaning of words - Challenges with figurative language (e.g., metaphors, similes) - Difficulty with multiple meanings of a word |
- May struggle with comprehension tasks - Difficulty with vocabulary development - Errors in written and spoken expression |
- Visual dictionaries and thesauruses (online/apps) - Text-to-speech software - Semantic feature analysis activities |
Pragmatics |
The use of language in social contexts, including nonverbal communication (e.g., facial expressions, tone of voice). |
- Difficulty understanding social cues and turn-taking - Challenges with different communication styles - Difficulty with appropriate language use in different situations |
- May struggle with social interaction - Misinterpreting sarcasm or humor - Difficulty with following directions |
- Social skills activities and role-playing (online/apps) - Video modeling of social interactions - Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices |
Auditory Processing |
The ability to receive, process, and interpret sound. |
- Difficulty following spoken directions - Challenges with filtering out background noise - Difficulty with auditory memory |
- May struggle with listening comprehension - Difficulty with phonics instruction - Challenges with spoken language learning |
- Assistive listening devices (FM systems) - Visual schedules and timers - Closed captions and transcripts for videos |
English Language Learners (ELL) |
Students who are learning English as an additional language. |
- Limited vocabulary and understanding of grammar rules - Difficulty with pronunciation and fluency - Challenges with understanding cultural references |
- May struggle with all areas of language learning - Difficulty participating in classroom discussions - Frustration with academic tasks |
- Language translation tools and dictionaries - Dual-language books and resources - Computer-aided instruction (CAI) programs |