lab report on the effect of diuretics

lab report on the effect of diuretics Order Description EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES ON THE RATE OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM & URINE EXCRETION IN THE HUMAN VOLUNTEER 1- write a title for the experiment 2- write 80 words for the introduction Introduction and Aims Provide a brief background to the study, e.g. you could highlight here that many substances can modify urine excretion and why diuretics are used clinically. Then state the main aims of the experiment 3- results (500 words) Consult the data tables attached which shows the raw data from all four labs groups for the three treatments. These can be added in at the end of your report as an Appendix These tables also show the processed data obtained from the Na+ and K+ concentrations measured in the lab (mM or mmol/L) which have been converted into Output (mmol) based on the urine production every 30 min. This takes into account the diluting effect of increased urine production caused by taking 1L fluid. The mean values, standard deviations and the number of subjects in each group (N) is also shown on these Excel sheets (ii) Perform a statistical analysis of the data using a relevant statistical test such as a one-way ANOVA followed by a post-test such as Bonferroni’s. You can use SPSS or Minitab to do this. Also include these statistical analysis sheets in the Appendix. Specifically, you need to check if there is: (a) a significant change in values obtained at 30 min and 120 min for each treatment (orange juice only, alcohol, furosemide) for each parameter measured (urine volume, cumulative volume, Na+ output and K output). (b) a significant difference between the values for orange juice, alcohol and furosemide data obtained at 120 min for each parameter measured (urine volume, cumulative volume, Na+ output and K output). . You should then highlight any significant changes between groups (i.e. where P < 0.05) on the graphs you will draw as described below. (iii) Draw and provide 4 graphs, plotting time (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 min) on the X-axis vs: (i) the mean urine output in mL/30 min (ii) the mean cumulative urine output in mL (iii) the mean Na+ output in mmol/30 min (d) the mean K+ output in mmol/30 min Show the standard deviation (SD) for each bar on your graph – these should have been calculated on your Excel spreadsheet and be an individual SD for each data point. You should also indicate any significant changes between groups as discovered in your statistical analysis using symbols placed above relevant bars of your graphs (e.g. ?, #). (iv) Provide a commentary of your results. Look at each graph and associated statistical analysis and describe what they show. Bear in mind that there may not be a significant change where you would expect one but if there is a trend then you can comment on this. Do not “discuss” the results here, e.g. the reasons WHY you are seeing effects, leave this for the Discussion section. You Results section should therefore only contain 4 graphs and a commentary. It should not contain any tables of data or summary of P values. The data and statistical analysis sheets should be added into the Appendix at the end of your report. 4- Discussion (500 words) Provide a brief summary here of the main findings of the study. This should include a brief summary or each major result together with the main reason for the result. Discuss the results from the experiment in the light of your knowledge of renal physiology and pharmacology. The discussion material can be based on information obtained from my lectures, text books, scientific publications or even the academic sources on the Internet (but be sure that your source is scientifically accurate). You need to show that you understand how furosemide works in a different way to alcohol, but also note that the 1L orange squash taken by all the volunteers may also have a diuretic action – why? Could changes in K+ excretion caused by furosemide lead to unwanted clinical effects? If so, how could these be avoided? Did the alcohol produce a significant increase compared to the orange juice only? If not then why not? How could this experiment have been improved? Are there any study limitations? Any improvements which could be made to the study design here can be discussed here.