The data reveals a significant disparity in infant mortality rates across countries. Singapore, Iceland, Finland, Japan, and Monaco boast some of the lowest rates globally, all below 3 deaths per 1,000 live births. In contrast, the United States ranks 56th, with a rate of 5.8 deaths per 1,000 live births, significantly higher than most developed nations. Countries like Niger, Somalia, Central African Republic, and Afghanistan have the highest infant mortality rates, exceeding 99 deaths per 1,000 live births. This data highlights the need to investigate the factors contributing to the high infant mortality rate in the United States compared to other developed countries.
Task 2: Annotated Bibliography on Medical Causes of Infant Mortality
Article 1
Title: Disparities in Infant Mortality Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Gestational Age at Birth in the United States, 2007-2014 (Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2018)
Summary:
This study investigates racial/ethnic disparities and gestational age (preterm vs. term birth) as factors impacting infant mortality in the United States. The researchers analyze national birth and death certificate data to identify trends. Their findings reveal persistent racial/ethnic disparities, with Black infants experiencing a higher mortality rate compared to White and Hispanic infants. Additionally, the study highlights the significant impact of prematurity, with preterm infants having a much higher risk of mortality.
Article 2
Title: The Contribution of Birth Defects to Infant Mortality in the United States (Journal of Environment Health, 2020)
Summary:
This research explores the contribution of birth defects to infant mortality in the United States. The study utilizes data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study to analyze the prevalence and types of birth defects associated with infant deaths. The findings suggest that birth defects are a significant contributor to infant mortality, with congenital heart defects and neural tube defects being leading causes.
Article 3
Title: Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) in a Multi-Ethnic Birth Cohort (Journal of Applied Epidemiology, 2019)
Summary:
This study examines risk factors associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), a leading cause of infant mortality, particularly in developed countries. The researchers follow a multi-ethnic birth cohort and analyze data on prenatal and postnatal factors potentially linked to SIDS risk. Their findings identify factors like maternal smoking during pregnancy, unsafe sleep practices (infants placed on their stomachs), and overheating as potential risk factors for SIDS.
Article 4
Title: The Impact of Maternal Access to Prenatal Care on Infant Mortality Rates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (Journal of Epidemiology, 2017)
Summary:
This research explores the association between access to prenatal care and infant mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries. The study analyzes data from various countries and finds a strong correlation between limited access to prenatal care and higher infant mortality rates. Prenatal care allows for early detection and management of potential pregnancy complications, contributing to improved birth outcomes and reduced infant mortality.
Article 5
Title: The Role of Childhood Vaccinations in Reducing Infant Mortality from Infectious Diseases (Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2021)
Summary:
This research investigates the impact of childhood vaccinations on reducing infant mortality from infectious diseases. The study analyzes data on vaccination rates and infant mortality trends in several countries. The findings demonstrate a significant decrease in infant deaths from preventable infectious