Hypersensitivity And Anaphylaxis

Full Answer Section

     

• Other:Headache, dizziness, metallic taste in the mouth

Anaphylaxis: Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction that involves a rapid and widespread response of the immune system. It's a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Symptoms of anaphylaxis typically develop quickly (within minutes to an hour) and can include all of the following:

• Skin:Rapidly developing hives and swelling of the lips, face, tongue, or throat.
• Respiratory:Shortness of breath, wheezing, difficulty swallowing, tightness in the chest, hoarse voice.
• Cardiovascular:Rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting (syncope)
• Gastrointestinal:Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps

Differentiation: A nurse will differentiate between hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis based on the severity and rapidity of symptoms. Here are some key factors:

• Severity:Anaphylaxis involves widespread and severe symptoms, while hypersensitivity can be milder and localized.
• Progression:Anaphylaxis progresses quickly, often within minutes. Hypersensitivity symptoms may develop gradually over time.
• Involvement of multiple systems:Anaphylaxis typically involves symptoms in multiple body systems (skin, respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal). Hypersensitivity may only affect one or two systems.

Additional factors can aid diagnosis:

• Known allergies:If the patient has a history of allergies, particularly to the suspected trigger, it increases the likelihood of anaphylaxis.
• Exposure to a trigger:A clear link between exposure to a known allergen and the onset of symptoms strengthens the case for an allergic reaction.

Steps if Anaphylaxis is Suspected: If a nurse suspects anaphylaxis, immediate action is crucial. Here's what they should do:

1. Call for emergency medical services (EMS) immediately.
2. Administer epinephrine (adrenaline) if available.Epinephrine is a medication that counteracts the effects of anaphylaxis and is often administered through an auto-injector (EpiPen). The nurse will follow protocols for proper administration.
3. Maintain an open airway.This may involve positioning the patient and ensuring they can breathe comfortably.
4. Monitor vital signs.This includes checking pulse, respiration, and blood pressure to assess the patient's condition.
5. Minimize further exposure to the allergen.If possible, remove the patient from the environment where they were exposed to the trigger.
6. Stay with the patient and provide reassurance.Anaphylaxis can be a frightening experience, and the nurse's presence can offer emotional support.

Remember: Early recognition and intervention are essential for a successful outcome in anaphylaxis.  

Sample Answer

   

Hypersensitivity vs. Anaphylaxis: Symptoms and Differentiation

Hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis are both reactions of the immune system to a foreign substance, but they differ in severity. Here's a breakdown of their symptoms and how a nurse can differentiate them:

Hypersensitivity:

Hypersensitivity is a general term encompassing various immune system overreactions to a particular trigger. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of hypersensitivity, but some common ones include:

• Skin: Itching, redness, hives, swelling (edema)
• Respiratory: Runny or stuffy nose, sneezing, wheezing, coughing
• Gastrointestinal: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps