Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) preferentially destroys CD4+ cells

Full Answer Section

     

• Reduced antibody effectiveness:Even if some antibodies are produced, their effectiveness can be diminished due to the lack of sufficient CD4+ cell support. This means they may not be able to neutralize pathogens as efficiently.

Cell-mediated immunity:

• Reduced T cell activation:CD4+ cells act as helper T cells, activating other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells (CD8+ cells) and natural killer (NK) cells, to attack infected cells. The depletion of CD4+ cells leads to impaired activation of these effector cells, leaving the body vulnerable to viral replication and intracellular pathogens.
• Decreased cytokine production:CD4+ cells also secrete essential cytokines, which are signaling molecules that orchestrate the immune response. With fewer CD4+ cells, the production of these cytokines is diminished, further hampering the immune system's ability to fight infections.

**Overall, the destruction of CD4+ cells by HIV creates a crippling blow to both antibody and cell-mediated immunity. This leaves the individual susceptible to:

• Opportunistic infections:These are infections caused by pathogens that typically wouldn't cause illness in someone with a healthy immune system.
• Secondary cancers:The weakened immune system is less able to control the growth and spread of abnormal cells, increasing the risk of certain cancers.

It's important to note that while both antibody and cell-mediated immunity are affected by HIV, the specific effects on each arm can vary depending on the stage of the infection and the specific individual's immune response. However, the overall outcome is a compromised immune system that requires ongoing medical management for managing the virus and preventing opportunistic infections.  

Sample Answer

   

The destruction of CD4+ cells by HIV has a significant and detrimental effect on both antibody and cell-mediated immunity, leading to a weakened immune system and increased susceptibility to infections and illnesses. Here's how:

Antibody-mediated immunity:

• Impaired B cell function: CD4+ cells play a crucial role in helping B cells mature into plasma cells, which are responsible for producing antibodies. When HIV destroys CD4+ cells, B cell function becomes impaired, resulting in a decreased ability to produce antibodies in response to infections.