Full Answer Section

1. Physical Inactivity: Lenora’s work involves prolonged sitting and a long commute. This lack of physical activity further increases her risk of hypertension. Regular exercise helps manage weight and improves blood vessel health, both of which can lower blood pressure (CDC, 2023).

HbA1C and Diabetes Monitoring

Lenora’s HbA1C test result of 7.5% indicates uncontrolled Type 2 diabetes. HbA1C is a blood test that measures the percentage of hemoglobin (a protein in red blood cells) that is coated with sugar (glucose) (Kinn & Wilcox, 2023). Unlike a blood sugar test that only reflects glucose levels at a specific point in time, the HbA1C test provides an average picture of blood sugar control over the past 2-3 months (Kinn & Wilcox, 2023). This makes it a valuable tool for monitoring diabetes management and identifying the need for medication adjustments or lifestyle changes.

Addressing Lenora’s Health

Lenora’s healthcare team has appropriately prescribed atenolol for hypertension and metformin for Type 2 diabetes. However, lifestyle changes are crucial for long-term management. Here are some recommendations:

• Weight Loss: Aiming for a healthy weight loss through a balanced diet and regular exercise can significantly improve both blood pressure and blood sugar control.
• Dietary Changes: Reducing processed foods, sugary drinks, and unhealthy fats while increasing fruits, vegetables, and whole grains will promote better blood sugar management.
• Physical Activity: Regular exercise, even moderate-intensity activities like brisk walking for 30 minutes most days of the week, can significantly improve blood pressure and overall health.
• Stress Management: Chronic stress can exacerbate both hypertension and diabetes. Relaxation techniques like yoga or meditation can be beneficial.

Citations

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, May 10). About chronic diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/chronic-disease/index.html
• Kinn, H., & Wilcox, S. (2023). Nursing assessment and care planning. Wolters Kluwer.

Scenario 2: HIV and Nutrition

Food and HIV Treatment

Good nutrition is crucial for people living with HIV (PLWH) as it supports their immune system and helps them tolerate HIV medications more effectively. Here’s how food can affect HIV treatment:

1. Drug Interactions: Some foods can interact with HIV medications, reducing their absorption or effectiveness. For example, grapefruit juice can decrease the absorption of certain HIV medications (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). PLWH should consult with their healthcare provider about potential food-drug interactions.
2. Nutrient Deficiencies: HIV infection and some medications can lead to nutrient deficiencies. For example, diarrhea, a common side effect of some HIV medications, can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains is essential to ensure proper nutrient intake and support the immune system.

Preventing Opportunistic Infections

Opportunistic infections (OIs) are infections caused by germs that take advantage of a weakened immune system. PLWH are more susceptible to OIs. Here’s how diet can help prevent OIs:

• Healthy Fates: Healthy fats, found in fish, nuts, and avocados, support immune function and help the body absorb essential vitamins.
• Vitamin A-Rich Foods: Vitamin A, found in orange-colored fruits and vegetables, promotes healthy mucous membranes, which act as a barrier against infection.
• Zinc-Rich Foods: Zinc, found in oysters, lean meats, and beans, plays a vital role in immune function.

Additional Considerations

• Food Safety: PLWH have a higher risk of foodborne illness. Following safe food handling practices is essential, such as thorough cooking of meat, proper food storage, and handwashing before handling food.
• Nutritional Counseling: Consulting with a registered dietitian can help PLWH develop