How different theories explain deviance

Full Answer Section

2. Strain Theory

Strain theory, proposed by Robert Merton, suggests that deviance arises from a mismatch between culturally defined goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. When individuals cannot achieve societal goals through legitimate means, they may resort to deviant behavior.  

3. Conflict Theory

Conflict theory argues that deviance is a result of power imbalances and social inequalities. The powerful groups in society create laws and norms that benefit their own interests, while marginalizing and criminalizing those who challenge their authority.  

4. Labeling Theory

Labeling theory focuses on the social processes involved in defining and labeling individuals as deviant. It suggests that once a person is labeled as deviant, they are more likely to engage in further deviant behavior due to the negative consequences of the label.  

5. Differential Association Theory

Differential association theory proposes that individuals learn deviant behavior through their interactions with others. By associating with deviant peers, individuals are exposed to deviant values and norms, which can increase their likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior.  

6. Control Theory

Control theory suggests that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior if their social bonds are weak. Strong social bonds, such as family, friends, and community involvement, can help to prevent deviance by providing social control and support.  

These theories offer diverse perspectives on the causes and consequences of deviance. Understanding these theories can help us to better understand the complex factors that contribute to deviant behavior and develop effective strategies for prevention and intervention.

Sample Answer

Deviance, a term referring to behaviors that deviate from societal norms and expectations, has been a subject of extensive sociological inquiry. Various theories have emerged to explain its causes and consequences.  

1. Structural Functionalism

Structural functionalism posits that deviance serves a function within society. It reinforces social norms and values by demonstrating the negative consequences of deviating from them. Additionally, deviance can promote social change by highlighting existing inequalities and injustices