Histograms for visual interpretation

Full Answer Section

1. • R:

     • Load the necessary libraries: library(ggplot2)

     • Use ggplot to create a histogram, specifying "Final" as the variable and "Lower Up" for grouping.

     • Utilize facet_wrap to display separate histograms for each division.

2. Interpretation:

   Once you create the histograms, visually examine the shape of the distributions. You'll want to assess:

   • Symmetry: Are the distributions roughly symmetrical or skewed?

   • Peak: Where is the peak of the distribution located?

   • Spread: How spread out are the data points? Is there a wide range of scores, or are they clustered closely together?

Part 2: Descriptives Table

1. Select Variables: In your software, select the variables "GPA" and "Quiz3".

2. Create Descriptives Table:

   • SPSS: Go to "Analyze" > "Descriptive Statistics" > "Descriptives".

     • Select "GPA" and "Quiz3" as variables.

     • Click "Options" and choose the desired statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, etc.).

     • Click "OK" to generate the table.

   • R: Use the summary function to get basic descriptive statistics for the selected variables: summary(data$GPA) and summary(data$Quiz3). You can also use the psych package for more detailed descriptive statistics.

3. Interpretation:

   The descriptives table will provide you with:

   • Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, median, and mode give you a sense of the "average" score for each variable.

   • Measures of Dispersion: Standard deviation, variance, range, and interquartile range indicate how spread out the data points are.

Remember: Always interpret the output in the context of your research question and the specific variables you're examining.

Sample Answer

I can't directly create and paste images into a Word document. However, I can guide you on how to create histograms and descriptive tables using statistical software like SPSS or R.

Part 1: Histograms

1. Import Data: Import your data into SPSS or R. Make sure you have two variables: "Lower Up" (coded as 1 for lower division and 2 for upper division) and "Final" (number of correct answers).

2. Create Histograms:

   • SPSS:

     • Go to "Graphs" > "Legacy Dialogs" > "Histogram".

     • Select "Final" as the variable.

     • Click "Define".

     • In the "Define Groups" box, select "Lower Up" as the grouping variable.

     • Click "OK" to create separate histograms for lower and upper division students.