English language and meaning ( semantics)

Order Description Choose one of the following topics. Essay should have at least 6 academic references. It must be submitted to Turnitin. Assessment: 65% for content and 35% for expression (grammar, clarity, etc.). Any parts of the essay that are irrelevant to your chosen topic will be penalized, e.g. if 10% of the essay is irrelevant, you will lose 10% of the total mark. Content includes giving adequate coverage to relevant aspects of your topic. I am looking for clear and convincing discussions of the topic. Please find topics below... 1. Semantics and pragmatics are theoretical fields. However, they may have practical applications. Discuss which areas of semantics and pragmatics you think are particularly relevant for TESOL/EFL/ESL teachers and explain why you think so. 2. Some semanticists rely heavily on logic to understand various aspects of natural language, while other semanticists do not use it at all. To what extent do you think logic can be used to analyse language? 3. John Lyons asserts that the lexical relation directional opposition is crucial to our understanding of many areas of meaning beyond locational and directional notions. To what extent do you think that this is correct? 4. Presumably deixis is present in all languages, but deictic systems differ from language to language. To what extent is it possible for deictic systems to differ, i.e. what are the limits (if any) to variation in deixis (in normal language) cross-linguistically? If you wish, you can focus on one type of deixis, e.g. spatial deixis. Your essay should be based on empirical facts of different languages. 5. In class and in lecture notes I call the perfect (e.g. ?He has left?) an aspect, but some sources, particularly textbooks of languages, refer to the perfect as a tense. Is the perfect an aspect or a tense (or both), or is it somewhere between a tense and an aspect? You should discuss why there has been disagreement about the nature of the perfect.