criminal justice

Order Description Answer all of these questions based on the readings thats are included for every section. DuVernay, A. (2016). 13th. United States: Kandoo Films. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 1. The documentary points out that slavery was an economic system. What role did the 13th Amendment play in rebuilding the Southern economy after the Civil War, according to the film? 2. African Americans migrated out of the South and into the North and West, including Cleveland, Oakland, Harlem, Detroit, and Boston. In the film, they explain that these people were not migrants seeking economic opportunity, but rather what? 3. The film says that one of the achievements of the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s was to transform the definition of criminality. How did they accomplish this? 4. The film says that there are two options in our approach to drug dependency, and in the 1970s, we turn away from one and toward the other. What are these two approaches? 5. The film describes the War on Drugs as a kind of “dog whistle” politics. What does this mean? 6. What was the Southern Strategy? 7. What is ALEC and how did it play a role in shaping mass incarceration and how punishment works today? 8. How does secrecy in corrections shape the public’s views on incarceration? Lyons, C. L. (2015, September 11). Reforming juvenile justice. CQ Researcher, 25, 745-752. Retrieved from https://library.cqpress.com/. And lecture on juvenile justice. 1. How does juvenile court differ from adult criminal court? 2. What rights were granted to juveniles as a result of In re. Gault? 3. What evidence do we have that harsh punishment changes youth behavior? 4. What are the two opposing sides the article reviews? What are their main concerns? What are the problems with detention in juvenile facilities (separate from being housed with adults)? 5. Does brain research prove adolescents are less culpable for crimes? If they should be held accountable, what else does research indicate? Findley, K. (2007). Wrongful conviction. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Blackboard. 1. What is the philosophy of caution in American criminal courts in terms of guilt and innocence? 2. What are the competing definitions of wrongful conviction? 3. How did DNA cases of wrongful conviction change the perception that these were anomalies rather than symptoms of systematic flaws in the justice system? 4. What is the best estimate of the number of wrongful convictions each year? 5. What are the causes of wrongful conviction? Which are the most common? Be able to define them. 6. How many people have been exonerated through DNA evidence since 1989, and what percentage of them were people of color? What were the leading factors in their wrongful convictions? 7. Why are policymakers interested in reforms to prevent wrongful convictions? 8. What ae some of the eyewitness identification reforms implemented to date? Radelet, M. L., & Borg, M. J. (2000). The Changing Nature of Death Penalty Debates. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 43–61. Blackboard. 1. What is capital punishment? 2. How have arguments supporting the death penalty changed over the last 25 years, according to the article? 3. Be able to explain the nature of the six arguments supporting the death penalty (deterrence, incapacitation, bias, cost, miscarriages of justice, and retribution), as well as the changes in those arguments over the last 25 years. a. Does capital punishment impact homicide rates (does it deter homicide)? b. How does the option of incapacitation change support for the death penalty? c. What are the racial disparities found in application of the death penalty? How can bias be reduced in the application of the death penalty? d. What contributes to the cost of capital punishment? Is it less expensive than life in prison? e. What are some of the miscarriages of justice that might mitigate support for the death penalty? f. What does it mean to say that retribution is a moral justification, not an empirical justification, for the death penalty? Goode, E. (2015, August 3). Solitary confinement: Punished for life. The New York Times. Blackboard. 1. What are some other names for solitary confinement, and why are there so many names for it? 2. What does research demonstrate about the harmful effects of isolation in incarceration? 3. Why were most of the men at Pelican Bay placed in solitary confinement? 4. Approximately how many prisoners in the United States are held in solitary confinement? 5. What led to states building super-maximum-security facilities in the 1980s and 1990s? 6. How was Pelican Bay’s S.H.U. built to minimize human interaction? 7. What are five psychological impacts of solitary confinement? 8. What led to change in California’s policy about gangs and solitary confinement? Marquez?Lewis, C., Fine, M., Boudin, K., Waters, W. E., DeVeaux, M., Vargas, F., Wilkins, C., Martinez, M., Pass, M.G., and White?Harrigan, S. (2013). How much punishment is enough? Designing participatory research on parole policies for persons convicted of violent crimes. Journal of Social Issues, 69(4), 771-796. Blackboard. 1. What is the basic principle of parole? 2. What has been the unofficial practice of parole in New York State since 1995? 3. What were the two goals that the researchers were trying to achieve through their project? 4. What were the four findings of the research? 5. What produced the most personal transformation? 6. What attitude did the people interviewed have about their punishment? 7. Why is Judy Clark serving 75 years to life in Bedford Hills Correctional Facility? Through what process could she ever be released? 8. What percentage of court cases are resolved through plea bargaining? At whose discretion do plea bargains operate? Pager, D. and Western, B. (2005). Race at Work: Realities of Race and Criminal Record in the New York City Job Market. Report prepared for the 50th Anniversary of the New York City Commission on Human Rights. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Blackboard. 1. In this study, the authors adopt a methodology that involves sending matched teams of testers to apply for real entry-level jobs in New York City over ten months. What is this approach called? 2. What were Pager and Western attempting to measure with this methodology? 3. In terms of call backs or job offers, and race-coded job channeling, what did the study find? 4. What conclusion can we draw based on this research study? Conover, T. (2001). A-Block. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing. New York, NY: Random House, Inc. 1. What dilemma do corrections officers run into with inmates who have very long or very punitive sentences? 2. What dilemmas related to contraband does Conover describe? 3. Conover says that there were high stakes behind petty conflicts in prison. What stakes are involved, given the comments of an inmate when Conover tries to enforce a rule as a newjack? Winerip, M. & Schwirtz, M. (2015, December 13). An inmate dies and no one is punished. The New York Times. Blackboard. 1. What are the two sides of the story (inmates and officers) of what happened to Leonard Strickland? 2. Why is it so difficult to hold any officers accountable in a case like Strickland? 3. Why can we have some confidence in the version of the story told by inmate witnesses? 4. What was determined to be cause of death by each side’s medical expert? Welch. M. (2011). Chapter 13: Alternatives to incarceration. In Corrections: A critical approach (3rd ed.). (pp. 437-458). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 1. What is institutional corrections, and what are community corrections? 2. What proportion of the correctional population is under community corrections? 3. What is the difference between probation and parole? 4. What was the idea underlying probation? 5. What are some conditions of probation? 6. How did expectations for parole change from its inception to the present? 7. What is prison reentry? 8. How many people are released from prison and jail annual in the United States? 9. What is goal conflict? 10. What is the recidivism rate for this group? 11. What is goal conflict in probation and parole? 12. What are some alternatives to incarceration besides probation and parole? 13. What is restorative justice? Kelso, J. C. (2014). Corrections and Sentencing Reform: The Obstacle Posed by Dehumanization. McGeorge L. Rev., 46, 897. Blackboard. 1. What is the role of the court-appointed receiver in California? 2. What alternative explanations does Kelso offer for why California failed to implement solutions to the health care problems in state prisons? 3. What correctional policies and practices are made easier by dehumanization? 4. Be able to define the two types of dehumanization, and know which one is more commonly encountered in corrections. 5. What does Kelso conclude about how we can make lasting, sustainable changes in sentencing and corrections policies? Davis, A. (2003). Abolitionist alternatives. Are Prisons obsolete? (105-115). New York, NY: Seven Stories Press. Blackboard. 1. What is the prison industrial complex? 2. What industries are included in that complex (besides public prisons)? 3. What is civil asset forfeiture? 4. What is the first step that Davis suggests to move toward prison abolition? 5. What does Davis say can be the most powerful alternative to jails and prisons? 6. Which two areas does Davis say we can decriminalize to oppose racism and further decarceration? 7. What alternative definition of crime does Davis propose?