Conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and structural functionalism.

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Example: A group of teenagers wearing similar clothing and hairstyles might be seen as belonging to a specific social group or "tribe" within their school. The meaning of those clothes and hairstyles is not inherent but arises from the interactions and interpretations within the group.

c) Structural Functionalism: Society is a complex system of interconnected parts, each performing essential functions for the system's stability and survival. Social structures and institutions contribute to the overall well-being of society.

Example: The education system provides necessary skills and knowledge to future generations, contributing to economic prosperity and maintaining social order.

2. The Social Institution of Marriage and Family:

a) Functionalist Perspective: Marriage and family fulfill crucial functions for society, including:

• Socialization: Family plays a central role in socializing children and transmitting cultural values, norms, and expectations.
• Reproduction: Marriage ensures the continuation of society through procreation and raising the next generation.
• Stability and Support: Family provides emotional and economic security, reducing social unrest and contributing to individual well-being.

b) Conflict Perspective: Marriage and family can also be sites of inequality and power struggles:

• Gender Inequality: Traditional family structures can reinforce gender roles that disadvantage women, limiting their access to resources and opportunities.
• Class Differences: Wealthy families have access to better resources and educational opportunities, perpetuating social inequalities across generations.
• Power Dynamics: Power imbalances within families can lead to domestic violence, oppression, and unequal decision-making.

c) Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Marriage and family take on different meanings and functions depending on individual interpretations and social contexts:

• Negotiated Meanings: Couples and families actively redefine the traditional roles and expectations associated with marriage and family to suit their specific needs and preferences.
• Social Construction of Family: Diverse family structures and relationships become accepted as legitimate forms of family, challenging traditional definitions based on marriage and children.

Personal View: My perspective on marriage and family leans towards a more symbolic interactionist approach. I believe that the meaning and function of these institutions are not fixed but constantly evolve through individual and collective interpretations and social changes. While acknowledging the important functions traditionally associated with marriage and family, I also recognize the need for flexibility and inclusivity to account for diverse experiences and evolving societal norms.

Sample Answer

1. Summarizing Sociological Theories:

a) Conflict Theory: Society is a constant power struggle between competing groups with different interests. The powerful groups maintain their dominance through social structures and institutions that favor them.

Example: The gender pay gap can be seen as a manifestation of conflict theory. Men, as the historically dominant group, hold positions of power and control in many industries, leading to higher average salaries compared to women.

b) Symbolic Interactionism: Social reality is constructed through ongoing interactions and interpretations of symbols and meanings. Individuals actively shape their social worlds through shared understandings and negotiated interpretations.