The main disagreement between James Madison and Alexander Hamilton about the General Welfare was?
Group of answer choices

1. Whether the federal government and states should both be able to tax citizens in order to change behavior
2. Whether the balance of interests is correctly weighed between the general welfare and individual liberty
3. Whether the “general welfare” includes states
4. Whether federal powers are only those specifically listed in the constitution
   The debate over immunization exemptions is an example of what type of constitutional dilemma?
   Group of answer choices
5. Balance of interests
6. Narrow vs. broad interpretation of general welfare
7. Costs to society vs. costs to individuals
8. Federal vs. state authority
   In the article, Do Bans Help Modern Public Health?, Lawrence Gostin argues that banning things like alcohol, marijuana, cigarettes and e-cigarettes has several negative consequences for public health. What is one of those consequences?
   Group of answer choices
9. People will just spend money on other unhealthy things
10. Those laws will never be enforced
11. Banned products cannot be taxed, foregoing vital revenues
12. Organized crime will focus on other money-making activities
    During the pandemic, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced a rule that all landlords across the U.S. must stop evicting tenants. It took this step to protect public health, arguing it would allow everyone to stay at home and avoid exposure to COVID-19. Some states did not like the CDC making this rule. What argument could those states reasonably make?
    Group of answer choices
13. The U.S. constitution says nothing about evictions
14. United States vs. Butler prevents the CDC from making such rules
15. The balance of interests suggests that only states can make such a rule
16. States generally control public health activities, not the federal government

When states consider the “balance of interests” of a law, what are they weighing?Group of answer choices

1. Federal vs. state authority
2. If a law falls under federal “police powers” or not
3. Costs to the public vs. costs to the individual
4. Public benefit vs. individual rights
   What change might have improved the 1919 Child Labor Tax Law’s chances of being upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court?
   Group of answer choices
5. Give states the majority of the dollars that are raised
6. Change the tax from a prohibitive to an obligation tax
7. Tax the products that were being made rather than the businesses
8. Direct the tax dollars to one of the constitution’s enumerated powers
   Which one of the following federal taxes would likely have been permitted before 1936?
   Group of answer choices
9. A tax on sugar intended to reduce its consumption
10. A tax on alcohol to raise funds for port safety?
11. A tax on companies that penalizes them for not offering health insurance to their workers
12. An income tax to support a program like Medicare
    For which public health policy topic might there be an open policy window because of its sociological novelty?Group of answer choices
13. Sexually transmitted infections
14. Fuel efficiency standards
15. Childhood poverty
16. COVID-19
    During the first year of COVID-19, there weren’t enough high-quality masks to protect health care workers. Without help at the federal level, hospitals that could hoarded masks, while other hospitals competed against each other to buy what was available. This drove the prices of masks much higher and hurt the budgets of hospitals, states, insurance companies and individuals across the U.S. What policy-making challenge does this event best illustrate?Group of answer choices
17. Balance of interests
18. Federalism
19. Tragedy of the commons
20. Benefits vs. harms

Climate change is a problem that requires better management of the commons. In this case, what is “the commons”?
Group of answer choices

1. Freeloader
2. Technology
3. Energy production
4. Earth’s climate
   You work for an elected official proposing to reduce air pollution emitted by factories. What could be said to other elected officials to convince them that reducing air pollution is a public good?
   Group of answer choices
5. By driving less, individuals can reduce pollution
6. Pollution can’t be prevented by individual consumer changes alone
7. People who live directly next to factories breath most of the air pollution
8. Environmentalists greatly value clean air, water and land
   In the tug-of-war for policy attention, elected officials often feel pressure to focus on what?
   Group of answer choices
9. Near-term, rather than long-term benefits
10. Problems that affect only people that are represented by the official
11. Sociologically persistent problems
12. Just one or two policy problems, rather than multiple problems
    In 2021, California passed a law to provide all public school children with free lunch and breakfast. Public health professionals have asked the state to make sure the meals are healthy and nutritious, to reduce the chance the program might contribute to childhood obesity. What are public health professionals asking California to consider?
    Group of answer choices
13. Manage a tragedy of the commons
14. Balance the interests of the state and schools
15. Maximize the benefits over harms
16. Interpret the general welfare clause broadly
    Which one of the following arguments would make it more likely that teen pregnancy is considered a “public good”?
    Group of answer choices
17. Teens who become pregnant are unethical
18. Teen pregnancy is a problem, but many teens benefit from becoming moms
19. Most teens are not sexually active
20. Teens need society’s help to adequately prevent pregnancy
    Teen birth rates in the U.S. reached an all-time low in 2019. Deciding whether to invest more money in reducing teen pregnancy (knowing there may be diminishing returns), or taking that money and investing in a new problem (like e-cigarettes) best reflects what economic consideration?
    Group of answer choices
21. Revenues vs. spending
22. Marginal benefit
23. Guns vs. butter
24. Opportunity costs
    In The Return on Investment of Medicaid, Dr. Aaron Carroll weighs the pros and cons of Medicaid. This video is an example of?
    Group of answer choices
25. Considering the public health benefits in a monetary way
26. Explaining the opportunity costs of investing in Medicaid
27. Weighing the benefits of mandatory vs. discretionary spending
28. Evaluating the marginal benefit of Medicaid
    Discretionary spending at the federal level presumes what?
    Group of answer choices
29. Funding for a program is not there unless Congress acts
30. Funding levels will remain constant unless Congress acts
31. Funding for a program is there unless Congress acts
32. Funding levels will be insufficient unless Congress acts
    The increase in mandatory spending as a percentage of the federal budget has what implication for policymaking?
    Group of answer choices
33. It limits overall federal spending
34. It reduces the finite resources with which Congress can enact new policies or programs
35. It reduces the amount of funding going to public health priorities like Medicare and Medicaid
36. It means the federal government must increase revenues
    You are a Los Angeles city council member who has been asked to consider the opportunity costs of a new program to help people who are homeless. The program would fund the construction of 100 new tiny homes that would be offered free of charge to people living on the streets. In addition to the benefits and harms of that project, what do you need to consider?
    Group of answer choices
37. Cost to the city and taxpayers
38. Effects on economic productivity of the city
39. Harms of not investing that money in something else
40. Unexpected harms that might occur due to living in tiny homes