- After more than four hundred years and with many achievements, the Han dynasty ended in 220, the country was divided by three warlords, who established three kingdoms in the north (Wei), southwest (Shu-Han), and southeast (Wu) one after another. Following the era of the Three Kingdoms, came a short reunification under the Western Jin dynasty (280-316), but then the country was split again, this time into two parts, the North and Southern dynasties [For the three kingdoms and the Western Jin, see Holcombe pp. 55-56]. In the north, different ethnic groups, many being nomadic peoples or “ranchers,” competed for power. Five different peoples (five “Hu”) established more than a dozen kingdoms all together in the North. Meanwhile, the Chinese (or Han Chinese) were driven out of their home region, the Yellow River valley, and forced to migrate to the South, or the Yangtze River valley. The long Disunion period was an extremely complex period. Politically, it can be viewed as a dark age. But culturally this was the time for different ethnic peoples and cultures to interact and exchange. The situation was similar, to some degree, to the interactions between and integration of the Romans and the Germanic people after the fall of the Roman empire. Please discuss the cultural exchange and achievements during this period. Pay special attention to the case of the Northern Wei dynasty, which was founded by the Xianbei people from Manchuria. During this period, the Xiongnu were no longer dominant in the steppe and in northern China. The Xianbei replaced the Xiongnu to be the most powerful people in the north.
- The Disunion period in China was well known for a single most important event: Buddhism conquered East Asia. It was first accepted in China and then introduced to Korea. Through Korea Buddhism was introduced to Japan. Buddhism fundamentally changed East Asia. What is Buddhism? What were the basic tenets of Buddhism? Why were the Chinese during the Disunion period particularly attracted to it? How did the Chinese transform Buddhism when accepting it?
- Let’s turn to Korea now. Why should Korean history start from Wiman Chosŏn? What was the role played by the Chinese in this early stage of Korean history? After Wiman Chosŏn and the Han occupation of the north of the Korean Peninsula, the next historical period in Korea is the period of “Three Kingdoms,” which lasted from the 4th to 7th century, paralleling the Disunion period in China. Please discuss the formation of the three kingdoms in Korea, their locations, peoples and their individual characteristics in political structure, and social and economic lives. Bear in mind that there had not been a homogeneous Korean nation at this point. Each of the kingdoms had their own distinctive culture.
- Finally, it’s the time to introduce Japan. Japan had a long Neolithic period. Not until the fifth century CE (when China was in the latter part of the long Disunion period) did state-building start in Japan. Try to outline the process for the early residents of Japan to build states, and discuss what might be the reasons for Japan’s long Neolithic age, and why the turning points occurred in the fifth-sixth centuries when the Yamato state emerged.
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Charles Holcombe, A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization
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