Between 1900-1980, six different historical movements were identified.

Full Answer Section

• Development of psychometric tools: Standardized tests and assessments were introduced to measure aptitudes and interests, guiding individuals towards suitable occupational paths.
• Establishment of school counseling: Guidance counselors became integral figures in educational settings, supporting students' academic and career development.

Source: Niles, S. M. (2010). The future of school counseling: Honoring our heritage, embracing change. Professional School Counselor, 34(5), 296-304.

Least Impactful: The Psychoanalytic Movement (1920s-1950s)

While deeply influential in psychology, the psychoanalytic approach has had a more limited impact on contemporary counseling practices due to several factors:

• Emphasis on unconscious conflicts: Focus on childhood experiences and repressed emotions might not address current concerns or practical needs of clients.
• Lengthy and intensive therapy: Traditional psychoanalysis often requires years of treatment, inaccessible to many due to time and cost constraints.
• Limited empirical evidence: Psychoanalytic concepts like the id, ego, and superego lack strong empirical support, leading to questioning of their effectiveness.

Source: Ginter, E. J., & Simon, L. G. (2018). Counselor education and supervision: Contemporary issues and future directions. Routledge.

It's important to note that all historical movements in counseling have contributed valuable insights and practices to the field's evolution. The "least impactful" label doesn't imply a complete lack of value, but rather a lesser influence on current mainstream counseling approaches.

Additionally, other movements like the Humanistic Movement (1950s-1970s) and the Multicultural Counseling Movement (1970s-present) have significantly shaped contemporary counseling, and their influence continues to grow.

Remember, the impact of different movements is subjective and multifaceted. This perspective is just one way to analyze their contributions to the field, and your own evaluation might differ based on your specific focus and values within counseling.

Sample Answer

Determining the "most" and "least" impactful movements in counseling history is subjective and depends on individual perspectives and values within the field. However, I can highlight two movements with significant contributions and one with arguably less lasting impact, supported by scholarly sources:

Most Impactful: The Guidance and Vocational Movement (1900-1945)

This movement, pioneered by Frank Parsons and others, laid the foundation for career counseling and educational guidance as we know it today. Key contributions include:

• Focus on individual potential: Recognizing the unique abilities and interests of each student, promoting self-exploration and informed career choices.