Bandura proposed 4 cognitive processes underlying observational learning. Apply those 4 processes to a child learning morality. (3 points for the application of each process).
Question 22 pts
List two shortcomings of longitudinal designs.
Question 32 pts
In Erikson’s theory, what is meant by “industry vs. inferiority”?
Question 42 pts
What is a fixed action pattern?
Question 52 pts
What is the difference between an ontogenetic and a phylogenetic cause of behavior?
Question 65 pts
Explain how Bandura conceptualizes the mechanisms of development.
Question 75 pts
Describe and contrast traditional learning theory and social learning theory.
Question 85 pts
What are three strengths and two weaknesses of Freud’s theory?
Question 97 pts
What is evolutionary psychology and how is it used to explain social behavior? Choose a particular behavior as an illustration and state precisely how an evolutionary psychologist might explain the existence of the behavior.
Question 108 pts
Each developmental theorist holds a position about the nature of human beings. Provide the perspective on human nature from the following. (2 points each)
a. Freud
b. Erikson
c. Bandura
d. Bowlby
Question 1175 pts
Compare and contrast the developmental theories of Erikson and Bandura.
Full Answer Section
Time and Expense
Longitudinal studies can be very time-consuming and expensive to conduct. It can take many years to collect data from participants over time, and the cost of tracking down and interviewing participants can be high. This can make longitudinal studies difficult to conduct, especially for researchers who have limited resources.
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development: Industry vs. Inferiority
Erik Erikson, a prominent developmental psychologist, proposed a theory of psychosocial development that outlines eight stages through which individuals progress throughout their lives. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis that individuals must resolve in order to develop a healthy sense of self.
The fifth stage of Erikson's theory, which typically occurs during middle childhood between the ages of 6 and 11, is known as "industry vs. inferiority." During this stage, children develop a sense of industry, or competence, by mastering new skills and knowledge. They learn to apply themselves to tasks, complete projects, and contribute to their communities.
If children successfully resolve this crisis, they develop a sense of competence and a belief in their ability to succeed. However, if they fail to resolve this crisis, they may develop a sense of inferiority and a belief that they are not capable of achieving their goals.
Factors Contributing to Successful Resolution of Industry vs. Inferiority
Several factors can contribute to a successful resolution of the industry vs. inferiority crisis:
1. Supportive Relationships: Children who have supportive relationships with parents, teachers, and peers are more likely to develop a sense of competence. These relationships provide children with opportunities to learn, practice, and receive feedback on their skills.
2. Opportunities for Success: Children who have opportunities to experience success in their endeavors are more likely to develop a sense of industry. This could include opportunities to excel in school, participate in extracurricular activities, or contribute to the household.
3. Realistic Expectations: Parents and teachers can help children develop a realistic sense of their abilities by setting appropriate expectations and providing feedback that is both encouraging and constructive.
4. Positive Role Models: Children who have positive role models who demonstrate competence and hard work are more likely to emulate those behaviors and develop a sense of industry themselves.
Conclusion
Erikson's stage of industry vs. inferiority highlights the importance of providing children with opportunities to develop a sense of competence and self-efficacy. By fostering supportive relationships, providing opportunities for success, setting realistic expectations, and exposing children to positive role models, we can help them navigate this crucial stage of development and set the stage for future success.