1) Bandura proposed 4 cognitive processes underlying observational learning. Apply those 4 processes to a child learning morality. (3 points for the application of each process).
2) What is a fixed action pattern?
3) Why is it difficult to distinguish genetic from experiential influences?
4) List two shortcomings of longitudinal designs.
5) In Erikson’s theory, what is meant by “industry vs. inferiority”?
6) What are three strengths and two weaknesses of Freud’s theory?
7) Explain how Bandura conceptualizes the mechanisms of development.
8) Describe and contrast traditional learning theory and social learning theory.
9) A 14-year-old cheats on a math test. Explain his behavior from the perspective of 3 theorists we’ve covered so far.
10) Each developmental theorist holds a position about the nature of human beings. Provide the perspective on human nature from the following. (2 points each)
a. Freud
b. Erikson
c. Bandura
d. Bowlby
11) Evolutionary psychology has become a popular framework from which to study human development. Traditionally, evangelical Christians have renounced any kind of evolutionary framework. What are Christians to do with evolutionary psychology? Does a Christian have to stay away from research done within this framework? Can findings be appropriated by Christians? To what degree can Christians engage this perspective?
12) Choose one major theorist who you read “in their own words” and provide an analysis of his/her writing. Briefly describe the essential content or point of the writing and then provide an analysis that contextualizes the writing. For example, what does the writing suggest about the author as a person, methodologist, or theorist? About the historical time period? The dominant theories of the time? In what way does this writing exemplify the larger vision or theoretical perspective of its author?
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Bandura proposed 4 cognitive processes underlying observational learning
Full Answer Section
Examples of Fixed Action Patterns- Egg-rolling behavior in toads: When a toad detects a predator, it rolls itself over and onto its back, exposing its brightly colored underside. This behavior is thought to startle the predator and give the toad a chance to escape.
- Web-spinning behavior in spiders: Spiders spin webs to catch prey. The specific pattern of the web is determined by the species of spider, and the behavior does not require learning.
- Courtship rituals in animals: Many animals have elaborate courtship rituals that are designed to attract mates. These rituals are often species-specific and do not require learning.
Why Are Fixed Action Patterns Important?
FAPs are important for a number of reasons. They can help animals to:
- Survive: Many FAPs are used for survival, such as the egg-rolling behavior in toads.
- Reproduce: Many FAPs are used for reproduction, such as the courtship rituals in animals.
- Adapt to their environment: Some FAPs are thought to help animals to adapt to their environment. For example, the web-spinning behavior in spiders helps them to catch prey.
Distinguishing Genetic from Experiential Influences
It can be difficult to distinguish genetic from experiential influences on behavior. This is because both genes and experience can influence behavior in complex ways.
Genes
Genes provide the blueprints for the development of an organism. They can influence behavior by coding for proteins that are involved in the nervous system or other parts of the body.
Experience
Experience can also influence behavior. For example, an animal that is exposed to a certain type of environment may be more likely to develop a certain type of behavior.
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate over the relative importance of nature (genes) and nurture (experience) on behavior is a complex one. There is no easy answer, as both genes and experience play a role in shaping behavior.
Examples of the Difficulty in Distinguishing Genetic from Experiential Influences
- Identical twins: Identical twins share the same genes, but they also have different experiences. This makes it difficult to determine which factors are responsible for their behavioral differences.
- Children raised in different environments: Children who are raised in different environments may have different behaviors, but it is difficult to determine if this is due to their genes or their environment.
Conclusion
It is important to remember that both genes and experience can influence behavior in complex ways. It is often difficult to disentangle the relative contributions of nature and nurture.
Sample Answer
Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
Definition
A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a complex, stereotyped behavior that is triggered by a specific stimulus. FAPs are innate, meaning they are genetically programmed and do not require learning. They are also inflexible, meaning they are performed in the same way every time.
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