The Classical and The Positivist schools of Criminology
Discuss in detail the two primary historical schools of thought. i.e. The Classical and The Positivist schools of Criminology. (600 words, APA Format, 2 References)
Discuss in detail subcultural theory as it relates to delinquency and crime. Further briefly without using quotes give an overview of this article i.e., Nwalozie, C. J. (2015). Rethinking subculture and subcultural theory in the study of youth crime – A theoretical discourse. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, 7(1), 1-16. (600 words, APA Format, 2 References)
Sample Answer
Two Primary Historical Schools of Thought in Criminology
The study of crime and criminal behavior has evolved significantly over time, resulting in numerous schools of thought that attempt to explain its causes and consequences. Two primary historical schools of thought, the Classical and the Positivist, have shaped the field of criminology and laid the foundation for contemporary research.
The Classical School of Criminology
The Classical School, originating in the 18th century with the works of Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, emphasized the concept of free will and rational choice. It posits that individuals engage in criminal behavior after weighing the potential costs and benefits of their actions. This school suggests that crime is a result of hedonism, the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain, and that individuals are motivated by self-interest. The Classical School further argues that effective punishment, swift, certain, and proportionate to the crime, deters potential offenders and encourages individuals to conform to societal rules. This approach led to the development of legal reforms such as standardized punishments and the abolition of torture.