How classical criminology emerge as a response to the criminal justice practices of its time
How did classical criminology emerge as a response to the criminal justice practices of its time? What were the main criticisms it leveled against existing systems? How did neoclassical criminology modify or build upon classical ideas? What factors led to these developments? Discuss the concept of “marginal deterrence” in neoclassical criminology. How does this refine the classical view of deterrence?
Analyze the concept of “nature vs. nurture” in the context of criminology. How do biological, biosocial, and psychological theories address this debate?
How do life-course theories integrate both structural and social process elements in explaining criminal behavior? What are the main criticisms of structural theories of crime? How do social process theories address these limitations
Sample Answer
Classical Criminology: A Response to Harsh Criminal Justice Practices
Classical criminology emerged in the 18th century as a reaction to the brutal and arbitrary criminal justice practices of the time. Punishments were often severe, often involving torture and public executions. This approach was based on the belief that criminals were inherently evil and deserved harsh retribution.
Classical criminologists, such as Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham, argued for a more rational and humane approach to criminal justice. They proposed that punishment should be proportionate to the crime and serve as a deterrent to future offenses. This idea was based on the principle of utilitarianism, which holds that actions should be judged based on their consequences.