Full Answer Section

• making racism especially reprehensible. Knowing that racism has fueled some of humanity’s darkest chapters strengthens the case for its eradication.

Weaknesses:

• Overemphasis on History: Focusing solely on historical connections might diminish the current harm caused by racism. Microaggressions, social exclusion, and racial profiling may not be as dramatic as slavery, but they still inflict significant pain and limit opportunities.
• Not All Racism is Explicitly Connected: Not all forms of racism explicitly reference historical justifications. Unconscious bias or implicit racism can operate without overtly invoking the past, yet still have a negative impact.

Alternative Perspectives:

• Systemic Inequities: Some argue that the “special evil” of racism lies in its ability to create and perpetuate systemic inequalities across institutions like housing, education, and criminal justice. This focus on ongoing harm emphasizes the need for dismantling these structures.
• Psychological Harm: Another perspective emphasizes the psychological harm of racism on individuals and communities. The constant sense of being judged or undervalued based on race can have a negative impact on mental health and well-being.

The Skeptic’s View:

A skeptic might argue that all forms of prejudice or discrimination are morally wrong, regardless of race. Racism wouldn’t be “special” evil; it would be a particularly virulent form of a broader societal problem.

Conclusion:

While Blum’s focus on historical connections offers valuable insights, the “special evil” of racism can also be understood through its contemporary impact and its ability to create systemic inequalities. Ultimately, all forms of racism are wrong because they deny people their dignity and equal opportunities. Examining different perspectives helps us develop a more nuanced understanding of racism’s complexities and its enduring harm.