Full Answer Section

• Foundation for Future Discoveries: Copernicus’ work laid the groundwork for the scientific revolution. His ideas, while not fully developed mathematically, paved the way for Kepler and Newton to refine and solidify the heliocentric model.

However, Shapin, McClellan, and Dorn emphasize the importance of a broader historical context when evaluating scientific progress. They argue for recognizing the contributions of various scientific traditions beyond the dominant Western narrative.

Here’s how the other two scientists might be viewed:

• Galileo: Shapin et al. might highlight Galileo’s contributions not only for supporting Copernicus but also for his invention of the telescope and his championing of observational methods. These advancements were crucial for validating and refining the heliocentric model.
• Newton: Newton’s work on motion and gravity provided a comprehensive explanation for planetary motion, further solidifying the heliocentric view. However, Shapin et al. might point out that Newton’s work built upon the foundation laid by Copernicus and Kepler.

Considering the Broader Context:

Shapin et al. would likely argue that the “scientific revolution” wasn’t a single event but rather a period of intellectual ferment with contributions from many individuals and cultures. They might highlight the scientific advancements in China, India, and the Islamic world that also played a role in shaping our understanding of the universe.

Conclusion:

While Copernicus arguably initiated the paradigm shift, all three scientists played significant roles in the scientific revolution. Shapin et al. encourage us to view scientific progress as a collaborative and cumulative process built upon the works of many.