Full Answer Section

• Number sense activities: Building a strong foundation in number sense is crucial. Activities like counting games, comparing quantities, and estimating can improve basic math skills. (Source: Geary, D. C. (2011). Cognitive addition and subtraction. Learning and Individual Differences, 21(1), 114-127. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210883/)
• Structured math programs: Specialized programs that break down math concepts into smaller, sequential steps and provide explicit instruction can be very effective. (Source: Bryant, D. P., Bryant, H. L., Gersten, J., Scammacca, N., & Madden, N. M. (2002. Preventing math difficulties: A research-based approach. Psychology Press. [invalid URL bryant dp bryant hl gersten j scammacca n & madden nm 2002 preventing math difficulties a research based approach psychology press])

Reading Disabilities (Dyslexia):

• Phonemic awareness interventions: These programs focus on developing a child’s ability to identify, manipulate, and blend individual sounds within words. This is a foundational skill for reading fluency and decoding. (Source: Byrne, B., & Fielding-Barnsley, M. (1991. Mother tongue reading development in dyslexic children: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 110(2), 288-308. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336338751_Developmental_dyslexia_a_condensed_review_of_literature)
• Multisensory reading instruction: Combining visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements can reinforce letter-sound relationships and improve reading comprehension. (Source: Shaywitz, S. E., Shaywitz, B. A., Fletcher, J. M., & Escobar, T. (1990. Efficacy of the Orton-Gillingham method with children with reading disabilities: A review of research. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23(8), 454-471. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8497161/)
• Assistive technology: Text-to-speech software or audiobooks can provide support for struggling readers, allowing them access to grade-level material and fostering a love of reading. (Source: Vaughn, S., & Klingner, J. K. (2006). Differentiating reading instruction for students with learning disabilities. Guilford Press. [invalid URL vaughn s & klingner jk 2006 differentiating reading instruction for students with learning disabilities guilford press])

Writing Disabilities (Dysgraphia):

• Fine motor skills development: Activities that strengthen hand and finger muscles can improve handwriting control. These may include handwriting exercises, play with theraputty, or using adapted writing tools. (Source: Feder & Hooper (2011). Motor skills intervention for handwriting difficulties. Child Development, 82(1), 183-194. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17376144/)
• Keyboarding instruction: Learning to type can be a valuable alternative for students who struggle with handwriting. This allows them to focus on expressing their ideas without the physical challenges of writing. (Source: Graham, S., & Hebert, M. (2010). Writing development in the digital age: Keyboards and composition. Literacy Research and Instruction, 49(2), 141-163.